Human-Machine Teaming: A Movement-Focused Approach

Until now, engineering has developed based on the idea of control. But what is becoming more important to how we can flexibly and adaptively develop strategy.

In short, coordination becomes increasingly important. To make the discussion easier to understand, let us take soccer for example. Soccer is a team sport. Thus, formation played an important role. But the game did not change appreciably, so that the formation itself did not need to change. In every game, formation was the same and each player was expected to play his best at his position. Therefore, managers were outside of the pitch and gave instructions. But today, games change frequently and extensively. So, managers need to be on the pitch to understand how the game is changing every minute and give instructions to other players. Thus, midfielders are now becoming playing manager. But not only managers moved from outside to inside, the other players must be prepared in advance to cope with his instructions. In short, until now, the other members can play after the instruction is given, but now they need to be prepared in advance to deal with any instructions the playing manager might give. In a word, proactive playing is needed today. In other words, how formation can be changed flexibly in response to the changing game flow. Thus, formations are composed of three members, four members, depending on the situation. Until now, machines operated by the instructions given from humans outside. But today they need to be prepared for what humans are going to give instructions. They need proactiveness and must be prepared in advance. Then, what would work as a communication tool between human and machine. Communication is what is needed in proactive play. Players need to understand and must be prepared in advance before instructions. This is communication. And this involves decision making. In fact, humans move in everyday life. But environments and situations change every minute. Still, we can move without any trouble. This is because our body interacts with the real world directly and our instinct plays an important role for situational perception and decision making. Mind-body-brain is often discussed. But in most cases, we pay too much attention to brain and forget about our body. We coordinate many different body parts and balance our body. In fact, part body teaming is working beautifully in human movement. Then, what language will work for communication between human and machine. It is movement. This paper points out movement is the common language between human and machine to achieve teaming. And the tool to achieve this purpose is developed. It demonstrates if we combine non-Euclidean Mahalanobis Distance with patterns, human and machine teaming can be realized.